Both studies showed that nearly all the fixations were task-related. These studies required a sequence of actions that involved manipulating objects one at a time to achieve the goal. (2003), subjects performed everyday activities of tea-making and sandwich-making, respectively. Seminal studies have investigated eye movement behavior in the natural environment with fully mobile participants. Thus, we have growing evidence that task demands affect eye movement behavior. This is further supported by studies that emphasize the relevance of semantics in the guidance of eye movements ( Henderson and Hayes, 2017 Einhäuser et al., 2008). (2010) demonstrated stimulus-dependent features, spatial viewing biases, and task-dependent features all influence the exploration of a visual scene. Since the seminal works of Yarbus (2013) and Buswell (1935) there has been consistent evidence that eye movements depend on the viewing task the observer is performing. Humans actively use vision during everyday activities to gather and refine information about the environment. Studying eye movements in mobile subjects might give us a richer picture of cognitive processing in more naturalistic settings. To this effect, understanding the control of eye movements in natural, real-life situations requires a mobile setup that allows for a subject to be recorded in tandem with voluntary actions in a controlled yet unconstrained environment. (2013) proposed that cognition encompasses the body, and in turn, bodily action can be used to infer cognition. In the pragmatic turn in cognitive science, there is a significant push towards incorporating the study of cognitive processes while interacting with the external world ( Parada and Rossi, 2020). Based on the spatio-temporal features of gaze control, we can conclude that eye movements during novel tasks correspond closely to low-level cognitive schemas that support the production and execution of actions that are not necessarily optimal. Finally, the scan-paths and the temporal sequence of first fixations suggest a just-in-time strategy of gaze allocation. Furthermore, task complexity also affected the temporal sequence of first fixations on the task-relevant regions of interest systematically for action planning but not for action execution. Task complexity also affected the scan-paths on the task-relevant regions of interest during action planning and execution where subjects exhibit a greater search and action monitoring behaviors in more complex tasks. Task complexity elicited differences at specific time points where oculomotor behavior could be categorized into searching, guiding, checking fixations.
Fixations aligned with action onset showed gaze is tightly coupled with the action sequence and less so with task complexity. We show that subjects are close to optimal while performing the easy tasks and are more sub-optimal while performing the more complex tasks. the objects were to be sorted based on a single or two different object features. To study the action planning and execution related gaze guidance behavior we also controlled the complexity of the tasks, i.e. In a virtual environment subjects moved objects on a life-size shelf to achieve a given ordering.
Here, to study attention mechanisms, we recorded gaze and body movements in a naturalistic sorting task. However, it is unclear if this strategy is also in play when the task is novel and a sequence of actions must be planned. These studies indicate an interplay of low-level cognitive schemas that facilitate task completion.
Eye movements in the natural environment have primarily been studied for over-learned activities such as tea-making, sandwich making, and hand-washing, which have a fixed sequence of actions associated with them.
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